| Martin's profileMartin's FactoryPhotosBlogLists |  Tools  Help |
|
January 14 红外识谱歌红外识谱歌
外可分远中近，中红特征指纹区， 识图先学饱和烃，三千以下看峰形。 烯氢伸展过三千，排除倍频和卤烷。 炔氢伸展三千三，峰强很大峰形尖。 芳烃呼吸很特征，1600～1430。 醇酚羟基易缔合，三千三处有强峰。 1110醚链伸，注意排除酯酸醇。 羰基伸展一千七，2720定醛基。 二千五到三千三，羧酸氢键峰形宽， 酸酐千八来偶合，双峰60严相隔， 羧酸盐，偶合生，羰基伸缩出双峰， 1740酯羰基，何酸可看碳氧展。 胺尖常有干扰见，N－H伸展三千三， 仲胺盐、叔胺盐，2700上下可分辨， 硝基伸缩吸收大，相连基团可弄清。 氨基酸，成内盐，3100～2100峰形宽。 矿物组成杂而乱，振动光谱远红端。 ［讲解］4.98万张免费图谱的使用
January 10 2006年中国能源资源十大新闻
January 04 专业英文论坛
第一届全国优秀科普网站及栏目获奖名单
第一届全国优秀科普网站及栏目获奖名单
科学数据库
暗物质
33招Google新鲜技巧玩法最新揭秘
33招Google新鲜技巧玩法最新揭秘
传说中的DNA音乐转帖 http://www.ster.cn/zsk/chuzhong/200505/636.html 中国科技教育资源网 >> 知识库 >> 生物 >> 文章正文 作者：张明华 相关图片如下：  当你欣赏肖邦的《葬礼进行曲》时，也许眼前会出现一个受尽苦楚的老人，正在冷漠的世界中寻找最后的归宿；也许你会感到自己正随着送葬的队伍，在严冬的风雪中蹒跚而行……令人难以想像的是，这一富有艺术魅力的乐曲，竟和生物体细胞中的遗传物质——脱氧核糖核酸（DNA）的音乐不谋而合。难道DNA中也有音乐？DNA中怎么会出现《葬礼进行曲》的乐谱？这里，不妨从近年来DNA研究的一项重大突破谈起。 首先发现DNA音乐的是，日本癌症研究中心的两位生物学家。DNA分子是由两条脱氧核苷酸链相互缠绕而成。脱氧核苷酸由脱氧核糖、碱基和磷酸组成。构成DNA的碱基有四种：腺嘌呤（A）、鸟嘌呤（G）、胞嘧啶（C）和胸腺嘧啶（T）。两条脱氧核苷酸链上碱基的排列顺序，不是杂乱无章的。通常，一条长链上的鸟嘌呤只能与另一条链上的胞嘧啶互相结合，构成碱基对G—C或C—G；腺嘌呤只能与胸腺嘧啶结合，构成碱基对A—T或T—A。两位日本生物学家在进行DNA研究时，别出心裁地用音符来代替碱基排列顺序——选择音符“2”、“3”、“5”、“6”来取代G、C、T、A。他们把人体白血病病毒的一种DNA的碱基排列顺序配成乐谱，并用电子乐器演奏时，人们会感到缠绵悱恻，潸然泪下。 DNA音乐问世后，整个生物学界轰动了。在美国、英国学者和日本其他科学家的努力下，DNA变奏曲、DNA组曲等应运而生，它们以迷人的旋律赢得了众多的观众。有些学者认为，DNA的碱基排列同音乐中的旋律颇为相似。有位科学家把人体胰岛素DNA的碱基排列配成乐谱，发现它与肖邦《葬礼进行曲》第三乐章的中间部分十分相似。 一旦把所有的DNA都谱成乐曲，到那时人们就能尽情欣赏生物界存在的奇妙音乐了。当然，DNA音乐的价值远不止这些。科学家们预言，这也许是揭开DNA密码之谜的关键。如果能将《葬礼进行曲》翻译成碱基排列顺序，从而按此顺序人工合成蛋白质，那么人世间就将出现具有特殊功能的新颖蛋白质。 【下载】 下面是我搜索到的一些DNA音乐的连接,听上去比较怪异~~ http://larrylang.net/GenomeMusic/ 英文的，但不妨碍大家找到音乐下载的 http://www.whozoo.org/mac/Music/Sources.htm http://whozoo.org/mac/Music/CD.htm http://algoart.com/music.htm 推荐：HIV基因序列音乐！ http://algoart.com/download/music/DNAMusic/HIVNE007.MP3 http://www.toshima.ne.jp/~edogiku/index.html 【科幻】 增加一段文字：选自王晋康先生的小说《生命之歌》（《科幻世界》1995·10） “对，这是生命之歌。科学界早就发现，所有生命的DNA结构都是相似的，连相距甚远的病毒和人类，其DNA结构也有60%以上的共同点。可以说，所有生物是一脉相承的直系血亲。科学家还发现，所有DNA结构序列实际是音乐的体现，只需经过简单的代码互换，就可以变成一首首流畅感人的乐曲。从实质上说，人类乃至所有生物对音乐的精神迷恋，不过是体内基因结构对音乐的物质谐振。早在二十世纪末，生物音乐家就根据已知的生物基因创造了不少原始的基因音乐，公开演出并大受欢迎。 【新闻】转载一组相关新闻…… １.科学家将DNA密码编成音乐CD （《扬子晚报》2003年7月） 泰国一位科学家把动植物及各种有机体的DNA遗传密码转化为音乐音符，创作出了一首别有风趣的乐曲。 泰国基因工程及生物科技国家中心研究员阿克哈姆说：“不论是人，动物还是植物，地球上的每个生灵都由DNA链构成。而我把这些密码翻译成了乐曲的音调。” 阿克哈姆说自己把代表四种DNA化学物质的A、T、G、C符号分别以6、7、1、5这四个音符代替，然后再根据化学物质的组成序列创作出乐曲。 据悉，阿克哈姆已复制了5000张DNA音乐，并准备于本周在芭堤雅举行的泰国2003科技展上向参观者出售。 （小倪） ２.在钢琴上演奏DNA！ 《江南时报》 西班牙科学家将基因编码破译成音符 本报讯 想象一下，人类基因怎样成为音乐？通过解开DNA的双链螺旋结构，把其中的元素如钢琴按键那样排列，并为每个元素规定音符，然后你的手指就可以在这些按键上跳舞了。 西班牙科学家就是这样做的，不仅如此，他们还录制下“生命蓝图音乐版”。 西班牙马德里拉蒙尼·卡贾尔医院的研究小组被音乐的魔幻力所吸引，他们发现音乐可以让婴儿起舞，让成人哭泣，于是他们在人类基因物质中寻找答案，他们还录制了细菌基因的音乐旋律。 他们最终定于2月出版一盘录有10首乐曲的CD，名为“基因音乐”。一名演奏钢琴致力于真菌研究的微生物学家奥若拉·桑奇斯·绍萨博士称，这是一个把科学和音乐紧密结合的方法。 被简称为“DNA”的脱氧核糖核酸是由被称为“核甘”的长分子链组成，这些“核甘”通过4种核苷碱基（腺嘌呤、鸟嘌呤、胸腺嘧啶、胞核嘧啶）的分子加以区分，分别以A、G、T、C四个字母代表，这些就构成了音符。 出生于法国的作曲家理查德·克如尔曾把DNA序列转换成乐曲，其中的一段基因为AGCGTATACGAGT，他给每个字母赋予了8分音符，1-2-3的音阶，比如胸腺嘧啶为2，鸟嘌呤为5，腺嘌呤为6，胞核嘧啶则为1。 这种按照字母顺序排列的音乐是作为克如尔及其同事们作曲的背景音乐，他们认为，整个音乐受到了带有基因编码的背景音乐的旋律、情绪和节奏的影响。 总的来说，基因音乐是一种易听的新时代的音乐，其中一首最美妙的音乐是根据先天性耳聋基因所作的，这种基因在进行突变的时候可以导致耳聋，这首DNA音乐用清脆的铃声演绎出主调，其余旋律用长笛演奏。 （鸿雁） ３.DNA与音符 2003年08月20日06:54 《潇湘晨报》 据具体策划实施该方案的陈志文介绍，在人类基因组计划研究中，研究人员为了研究的方便，把ＤＮＡ四个碱基Ｔ、Ｇ、Ａ、Ｃ中Ｇ和Ｃ与相似的低音2和3对应，而把Ｔ和Ａ与5和6相对应。美国研究人员又按英语的习惯把四个碱基Ｔ、Ｇ、Ａ、Ｃ分别对应为3、4、5、1，结果由此谱出的胰岛素基因的乐曲和肖邦的《葬礼进行曲》极为相似。 现在许多科学家都认为，ＤＮＡ与音乐的不解之缘并非巧合：ＤＮＡ碱基总数是4，而 八度音阶正好是它的2倍，另外在遗传基因的内部，常可以发现许多完全相同或相似的结构，这与作曲的原理是相同的。因此有的科学家甚至作出了更大胆的假设，认为音乐可能是人类自身遗传密码的不自觉释放。尽管ＤＮＡ音乐和与之相关的各种假设的科学性还有待考证，至少它让我们多了一条解释音乐各种魔力作用的希望之路。 （本报记者 周 维） 科技新闻
一道引起全美大学生举国辩论的逻辑题
一个拓扑定理“一个可定向的、紧致的曲面在等价的意义上可以由洞的个数完全刻化。”
———————————————————————————————————— 洞：轮胎内带有一个洞，眼睛架有两个洞，裤子有三个洞…… 曲面：当然，要把上面的物体抽象成二维曲面再研究。裤子虽然存在于三维空间中，但不计它的厚度，它就是二维的了。 紧致：一个曲面（或者曲线、流形）包含它自身的边界，并且不是无限大，那么它是紧致的。线段、圆环、球面（气球、轮胎、包括边界的裤子）是紧致的，直线、不包括边界的裤子是非紧致的。 可定向：偶也不清楚。 流形：一维的叫曲线、二维的叫曲面、三维或者更高维的只能叫流形了。 ———————————————————————————————————— 自认为这个定理很重要，其实它真的很重要，它给出了曲面的分类方法。 关于流形的分类方法还不完善，前一阵子很火的庞加莱**就是关于流形分类的一个猜测（现在成定理了）。 再： 1、可以说不包括边界的东西都是非紧致的，也就是无限大的。 不包括边界的裤子无限大、不包括边界的线段（去掉线段的两个端点，事实上就是直线）无限长、不包括球面的球体实际上充斥整个空间。。。 2、虽然拓扑中允许任意拉长一个线段、任意拉长一条包括边界的裤子，但它们还是有限大的。因为它们是紧致的。 3、上面的话可能有不足，请不要尽信。 January 01 Nikola TeslaNikola Tesla, Inventor
An Austrian-educated electrical engineer, Tesla emigrated to New York in 1884, where he found work with Thomas Edison. While Edison worked with direct current, Tesla favored alternating current, and soon enough the two inventors parted ways. Tesla went to Westinghouse, and eventually alternating current won the day. Tesla's well-known eccentricities and visionary prophecies were winked at without scorn, thanks to the success of his many inventions. Although famous in his day (his exotic behavior made good copy), Tesla is now regarded as an underappreciated genius. FOUR GOOD LINKS
Nikola Tesla
Nikola Tesla (10 July 1856 - 7 January 1943[2]) was a world-renowned Serb-American inventor, physicist, mechanical engineer and electrical engineer. Tesla is regarded as one of the most important inventors in history. He is well known for his contributions to the discipline of electricity and magnetism in the late 19th and early 20th century. Tesla's patents and theoretical work form the basis of modern alternating current electric power (AC) systems, including the polyphase power distribution systems and the AC motor, with which he helped usher in the Second Industrial Revolution. In the United States, Tesla's fame rivaled that of any other inventor or scientist in history or popular culture. After his demonstration of wireless communication in 1893 and after being the victor in the "War of Currents", he was widely respected as America's greatest electrical engineer. Much of his early work pioneered modern electrical engineering and many of his discoveries were of groundbreaking importance. In 1943, the United States Supreme Court credited him as being the inventor of the radio. Never putting much focus on his finances, Tesla died impoverished and forgotten at the age of 86. Tesla's legacy can be seen across the modern world wherever electricity is used. Aside from his work on electromagnetism and engineering, Tesla is said to have contributed in varying degrees to the fields of robotics, ballistics, computer science, nuclear physics, and theoretical physics. In his later years, Tesla was regarded as a mad scientist and became noted for making bizarre claims about possible scientific developments.[3][4] Many of his achievements have been used, with some controversy, to support various pseudosciences, UFO theories, and New Age occultism. Contemporary admirers of Tesla have deemed him "the man who invented the twentieth century."[5] Early yearsAccording to legend, Tesla was born precisely at midnight during an electrical storm, to a Serb family in the village of Smiljan near Gospić, in the Lika region of the Austrian Empire, in the Croatian part of Military Frontier, located in present-day Croatia.[6] His baptism certificate reports that he was born on June 28 [N.S. July 10], 1856, and christened by the Serbian Orthodox priest Toma Oklobdžija. His father was Rev. Milutin Tesla, a priest in the Serbian Orthodox Church Metropolitanate of Sremski Karlovci. His mother was Đuka Mandić, herself a daughter of a Serbian Orthodox Church priest. She was talented in making home craft tools. She memorized many Serbian epic poems, but never learned to read.[7] His godfather, Jovan Drenovac, was a captain in the army protecting the Military Frontier. Tesla was one of five children, having one brother (Dane, who was killed in a horse-riding accident when Nikola was five) and three sisters (Milka, Angelina and Marica).[8] His family moved to Gospić in 1862. Tesla went to school in Karlovac, Croatia then studied electrical engineering at the Austrian Polytechnic in Graz, Austria (1875). While there, he studied the uses of alternating current. He attended only through the first semester of his junior year and did not graduate.[9] He then attended the Charles-Ferdinand branch of the University of Prague for one summer term where he studied physics and higher mathematics.[10] 
 Tesla engaged in reading many works, memorizing complete books. He had a photographic memory.[11] Tesla related in his autobiography that he experienced detailed moments of inspiration. During his early life, Tesla was stricken with illness time and time again. He suffered a peculiar affliction in which blinding flashes of light would appear before his eyes, often accompanied by hallucinations. Much of the time the visions were linked to a word or idea he might come across; just by hearing the name of an item, he would involuntarily envision it in realistic detail. Modern-day synesthetes report similar symptoms. Tesla would visualise an invention in his brain in precise form before moving to the construction stage; a technique which is sometimes known as picture thinking. Tesla also often had flashbacks to events that had happened previously in his life, this began to happen during childhood.[12] Hungary and FranceIn 1881 he moved to Budapest, Hungary, to work for a telegraph company, the American Telephone Company. There, he met Nebojša Petrovič, then a young inventor from Austria. Although their encounter was brief, they did work on a project together using twin turbines to create continual power. On the opening of the telephone exchange in Budapest, 1881, Tesla became the chief electrician to the company, and was later engineer for the country's first telephone system. He also developed a device that, according to some, was a telephone repeater or amplifier, but according to others could have been the first loudspeaker.[13] For a while he stayed in Maribor, Slovenia, where he was first employed as an assistant engineer. He suffered a nervous breakdown during this time. In 1882 he moved to Paris, France to work as an engineer for the Continental Edison Company, designing improvements to electric equipment. In the same year, Tesla conceived of the induction motor and began developing various devices that use rotating magnetic fields (for which he received patents in 1888). Soon thereafter, Tesla hastened from Paris to his mother's side as she lay dying, arriving hours before her death in 1882. Her last words to him were, "You've arrived, Nidžo, my pride." After her death, Tesla fell ill. He spent two to three weeks recuperating in Gospić and the village of Tomingaj near Gračac, Croatia, the birthplace of his mother. United StatesIn 1884, when Tesla first arrived in the US, he had little besides a letter of recommendation from Charles Batchelor, his manager in his previous job. In the letter of recommendation to Thomas Edison, Charles Batchelor wrote, "I know two great men and you are one of them; the other is this young man." Edison hired Tesla to work for his company Edison Machine Works. Tesla's work for Edison began with simple electrical engineering and quickly progressed to solving the company's most difficult problems. Tesla was offered the task of a complete redesign of the Edison company's direct current generators. In 1919 Tesla wrote that Edison offered him the then-staggering sum of $50,000 (almost $1 million today, adjusted for inflation [1]) if he completed the motor and generator improvements. Tesla said he worked nearly a year to redesign them and gave the Edison company several enormously profitable new patents in the process. When Tesla inquired about the $50,000, Edison reportedly replied to him, "Tesla, you don't understand our American humor," and reneged on his promise.[14] Tesla resigned when he was refused a raise to $25 per week. At Tesla's salary of $18 per week the bonus would have amounted to over 53 years pay, and the amount was equal to the initial capital of the company.[15] He eventually found himself digging ditches for a short period of time-- ironically for the Edison company. Edison had also never wanted to hear about Tesla's AC polyphase designs, believing that DC electricity was the future. Tesla focused intently on his AC polyphase system, even while digging ditches.[16]
Middle yearsIn 1886, Tesla formed his own company, Tesla Electric Light & Manufacturing. The initial financial investors disagreed with Tesla on his plan for an alternating current motor and eventually relieved him of his duties at the company. Tesla worked in New York as a common laborer from 1886 to 1887 to feed himself and raise capital for his next project. In 1887, he constructed the initial brushless alternating current induction motor, which he demonstrated to the American Institute of Electrical Engineers (now IEEE) in 1888. In the same year, he developed the principles of his Tesla coil and began working with George Westinghouse at Westinghouse Electric & Manufacturing Company's Pittsburgh labs. Westinghouse listened to his ideas for polyphase systems which would allow transmission of alternating current electricity over large distances. 
In April of 1887, Tesla began investigating what would later be called X-rays using his own single node vacuum tubes (similar to his patent #514170). This device differed from other early X-ray tubes in that they had no target electrode. The modern term for the phenomenon produced by this device is bremsstrahlung (or braking radiation). We now know that this device operated by emitting electrons from the single electrode through a combination of field emission and thermionic emission. Once liberated, electrons are strongly repelled by the high electric field near the electrode during negative voltage peaks from the oscillating HV output of the Tesla Coil, generating X-rays as they collide with the glass envelope. He also used Geissler tubes. By 1892, Tesla became aware of what Wilhelm Röntgen later identified as effects of X-rays. Tesla commented on the hazards of working with single node X-ray producing devices, incorrectly attributing the skin damage to ozone rather than the radiation: "As to the hurtful actions on the skin... I note that they have been misinterpreted... They are not due to the Röntgen rays, but merely to the ozone generated in contact with the skin. Nitrous acid may also be responsible, but to a small extent". (Tesla, in Electrical Review, 30 November 1895). Tesla later observed an assistant severely "burnt" by X-rays in his lab. He performed several experiments prior to Röentgen's discovery (including photographing the bones of his hand; later, he sent these images to Röentgen) but didn't make his findings widely known; much of his research was lost in the 5th Avenue lab fire of March 1895. On July 30, 1891, he became a naturalized citizen of the United States at the age of 35. Tesla established his 35 South Fifth Avenue laboratory in New York during this same year. Later, Tesla would establish his Houston Street laboratory in New York at 46 E. Houston Street. He lit vacuum tubes wirelessly at both of the New York locations, providing evidence for the potential of wireless power transmission.[20] Some of Tesla's closest friends were artists. He befriended Century Magazine editor Robert Underwood Johnson, who adapted several Serbian poems of Jovan Jovanović Zmaj (which Tesla translated). Also during this time, Tesla was influenced by the Vedic philosophy teachings of the Swami Vivekananda.[21] 
When Tesla was 36 years old, the first patents concerning the polyphase power system were granted. He continued research of the system and rotating magnetic field principles. Tesla served as the vice president of the American Institute of Electrical Engineers (now part of the IEEE) from 1892 to 1894. From 1893 to 1895, he investigated high frequency alternating currents. He generated AC of one million volts using a conical Tesla coil and investigated the skin effect in conductors, designed tuned circuits, invented a machine for inducing sleep, cordless gas discharge lamps, and transmitted electromagnetic energy without wires, effectively building the first radio transmitter. In St. Louis, Missouri, Tesla made a demonstration related to radio communication in 1893. Addressing the Franklin Institute in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania and the National Electric Light Association, he described and demonstrated in detail its principles. Tesla's demonstrations were written about widely through various media outlets. At the 1893 World's Fair, the World's Columbian Exposition in Chicago, an international exposition was held which for the first time devoted a building to electrical exhibits. It was a historic event as Tesla and George Westinghouse introduced visitors to AC power by using it to illuminate the Exposition. On display were Tesla's fluorescent lights and single node bulbs. Tesla also explained the principles of the rotating magnetic field and induction motor by demonstrating how to make an egg made of copper stand on end in his demonstration of the device he constructed known as the "Egg of Columbus". Also in the late 1880s, Tesla and Edison became adversaries in part due to Edison's promotion of direct current (DC) for electric power distribution over the more efficient alternating current advocated by Tesla and Westinghouse. Until Tesla invented the induction motor, AC 's advantages for long distance high voltage transmission were counterbalanced by the inability to operate motors on AC. As a result of the "War of Currents," Edison and Westinghouse were almost bankrupt, so in 1897, Tesla released Westinghouse from contract, providing Westinghouse a break from Tesla's patent royalties. Also in 1897, Tesla researched radiation which led to setting up the basic formulation of cosmic rays.[22] When Tesla was 41 years old, he filed the first basic radio patent (U.S. Patent 645576). A year later, he demonstrated a radio controlled boat to the US military, believing that the military would want things such as radio controlled torpedoes. Tesla developed the "Art of Telautomatics", a form of robotics.[23] In 1898, a radio-controlled boat was demonstrated to the public during an electrical exhibition at Madison Square Garden. These devices had an innovative coherer and a series of logic gates. Radio remote control remained a novelty until the 1960s. In the same year, Tesla devised an "electric igniter" or spark plug for Internal combustion gasoline engines. He gained U.S. Patent 609250, "Electrical Igniter for Gas Engines", on this mechanical ignition system. Tesla lived in the former Gerlach Hotel, renamed The Radio Wave building, at 49 W 27th St. (between Broadway and Sixth Avenue), Lower Manhattan, before the end of the century where he conducted the radio wave experiments. A commemorative plaque was placed on the building in 1977 to honor his work. 《华尔街之子——摩根》书名：《华尔街之子——摩根》作者：琼·施特劳斯 翻译：王同宽等 推荐理由：一个世纪前，约翰·皮尔庞特·摩根像巨人一样支配着整个金融世界。作为创建通用电气公司、美国钢铁公司以及地域广泛的铁路帝国的幕后策划人物，在几十年里，他都是美国民间的核心银行家。摩根在许多方面塑造着他那个世界，然而他去世以后还笼罩着神秘的面纱，有人称他是工业化进程中的英雄，也有人诋毁他是贪婪的强盗大亨。《华尔街之子——摩根》权威、详实地描述了摩根其人，作者历经十年时间，生动再现了摩根的完整人生。 推荐指数：★★★★☆ 争夺“ＣＢ＆Ｑ铁路” １９０１年５月４日，摩根在艾克斯收到的电报向他披露了一个惊人的消息：一个由银行家和铁路运营商组成的联盟正密谋在公开市场上购买北太平洋铁路５０％以上的股票。策划并领导这场“金融巨头”突袭战的是爱德华·Ｈ·哈里曼。哈里曼与摩根之间长期失和并且冲突不断，他名下现在控制着联合太平洋铁路公司，就像希尔一样，哈里曼也同样宣称自己是“美国的拿破仑”，在铁路界是闻名的“小巨人”；同样，他也决心在自己公司的基础上创建一个连接铁路线、海上航运线的世界性的交通运输网络。但是，与希尔不同的是，在商战中，哈里曼并不遵守摩根所制定的游戏规则，他更推崇的是游击战。 就在摩根等人全力以赴地筹集大批英国资金投资美国铁路建设的同时，库恩—洛布这家德国犹太人公司同样也在致力于将德、法两国的巨额资金源源不断地引进到美国——从事与摩根财团同样的事业。尽管犹太人希夫和美国佬摩根并非合伙人，但这两位顶尖银行家却自觉地信守彼此间的君子协定，互不侵犯对方的领地。 在以后的短短几年内，哈里曼居然使曾经破产的联合太平洋铁路起死回生，并很快发展成为一条优质高效、利润丰厚的线路。后来，当他的铁路线延伸到太平洋沿岸港口时，已经对“北太平洋”和大北方公司构成了直接威胁。到了１９０１年，哈里曼又实现了对庞大的南太平洋铁路公司的控制，这条铁路从洛杉矶一直通到美国南部的新奥尔良。 与此同时，哈里曼还在与另外一个业界“小巨人”希尔进行着激烈的争夺。这次，两人争夺的是芝加哥—伯灵顿—昆西铁路公司（以下简称为“ＣＢ＆Ｑ铁路”），由于这条全长１２６５７．６公里的线路通往芝加哥，对于打通大西洋沿岸运输线具有重大意义，所以能否拿下该公司将直接影响到双方今后在美国铁路业界的地位。尽管哈里曼做了各种努力，却在１９００年以失败告终。希尔和摩根联手，最终于１９０１年３月下旬共同获得了ＣＢ＆Ｑ铁路。在双方进行激烈争夺的过程中，该铁路的波士顿股东们明显倾向于摩根，他们说：“在哈里曼和希尔（代表摩根和北太平洋公司）之间，我们毫无疑问将选择代表雄厚实力和安全保障的一方。”事后，哈里曼曾要求摩根和希尔给他一个转包的机会，却遭到二人的断然拒绝—他们不愿让这位好战的掠夺者“插上一手”来分享他们的胜利果实。 至于哈里曼本人，当然不会觉得自己的要求是“插上一手”，相反，他认为恰恰是摩根他们从自己手中窃走了ＣＢ＆Ｑ铁路——对手的新铁路联合体的实力将远远超过自己的联合太平洋——为此，他立刻制定出一个“拿破仑式”的报复方案：为了攫取ＣＢ＆Ｑ铁路，他必须彻底拿下北太平洋铁路。 当然，哈里曼清楚，要想从摩根那令人生畏的大鼻子底下买走他的股票也决非易事。为此，哈里曼孤注一掷，决心碰一碰自己的运气，为了筹集到购买股票所需的巨额现金，哈里曼找到了库恩—洛布公司和商业性的国家城市银行进行活动。 斩断摩根的翅膀 摩根在业界的优势地位和倨傲态度使其在华尔街同行中颇受非议，甚至是嫉恨，正如希尔日后所总结的那样，在后来发生的针对摩根的突然袭击中，参与暗算的人中更多的是银行家，而非铁路运营商！——以城市银行为首的各大财团之所以给哈里曼撑腰，是希望借此向全世界表明“摩根并非是美国惟一的银行家”，同时也是对摩根宣称的“美国所有的银行家只不过是我的办事员”的说法进行挑战。正如希尔所言，斯蒂尔曼的目的是为了“斩断他（摩根）的翅膀”。 就在摩根４月初刚离开美国前往欧洲之际，在哈里曼的指使下，库恩－洛布公司总裁希夫就开始了购买北太平洋公司股票的行动。此时，麦金利正在进行连任总统的竞选活动，他允诺给予华尔街财团们更多的发财机会。在此情况下，大批野心勃勃的投资者将纽约股市的价格和成交额推向一个个历史新高，１９０１年１月，创造了日成交量２００万股的历史记录。４月份，大型钢铁联合企业所造就的百万富翁们—人称“匹兹堡财团”云集纽约准备大赌一把，此事为哈里曼发动袭击提供了最完美的时机。 摩根和他的合伙人虽然控制着北太平洋公司的董事会，却只拥有该公司不到５０％的股票，他们总以为——没有人会梦想购买一条价值１．５５亿美元的铁路。在１９００年，“北太平洋”的普通股价格从每股４５美元涨到８６美元，到１９０１年４月１日居然达到每股９６美元，且成交４３．７万股；随后，该公司股票在整个４月份仍然保持攀升势头。面对这种局面，库恩—洛布公司偶尔也抛售一些股票进行遏止以免引起摩根财团的注意。到４月２２日，北太平洋股票涨到每股１０３美元，３天后达到１０５美元。在４月３０日，该股票在纽约股票交易所成交量创造了新的记录，共成交３３０万股。 根据哈里曼判断，在其最高决策者——摩根本人不在纽约的情况下，北太平洋股票所出现的异常现象不会引起摩根集团其他人的注意。事实果然不出哈里曼所料，毫无戒心的罗伯特·培根甚至还趁着这段狂涨期，抛售了摩根本人２万股的股票来赚取巨额利润。５月份，约翰·Ｗ·盖茨在接受采访时称：“这一切就好像——当一个大孩子外出时，那些小孩子们就趁机在家里胡作非为一样……如果摩根本人当时在纽约的话，这些事情绝对不会发生。”到５月１日，这天是星期三，北太平洋股票的价格已经狂涨至１１５美元。星期日，《纽约先驱报》在作“本周回顾”时称：“这是世界历史上金融投机活动规模最大的一周。” 在事态发展最为严重的那一周，希尔一直在纽约，对于北太平洋公司所承受的日益加重的压力，尽管希尔已经明显感受到，但他绝对没意识到是哈里曼在背后捣鬼，直到希夫前来告知真相后，他才恍然大悟。 直到１８９７年哈里曼要求库恩－洛布公司给予其独一无二的关注之前，希夫一直是希尔的财政后台，当希夫倒向哈里曼以后，希尔开始向摩根靠拢并且建立了密切的合作关系。 据希尔称，希夫邀请他共同致力于“将摩根抛下船”，并许诺让他出任北太平洋公司总裁并分享“通过控制联合太平洋公司、南太平洋公司所获得的一切好处”。希夫还透露，他的集团已经投资了７９００万美元，并购买到北太平洋公司７５万股优先股中的４２万股，以及８０万股普通股中的３７万股——也就是说，他已基本实现对该条铁路的控制，如果此时希尔能够加入进来，那么，加上希尔所拥有的北太平洋公司的股份，便可以拥有更大的击败摩根的胜算机会。但是，希尔从自己的利益出发，经过深思熟虑之后决定——拒绝“抛弃摩根”并“加入这场阴谋活动”。也许希尔的说法有点夸大其词，但有关该事件的最骇人听闻的部分却是事实——希夫策划了一场针对美国金融帝王摩根最卑鄙的突然袭击。 蓝色星期四 在星期五获悉这一惊人消息时，希尔表现得相当镇静，他离开希夫，沿着布罗得大街前往华尔街２３号与摩根的合伙人进行商议。最后，他们发现了一个对自己非常有利的条件：既然北太平洋铁路的董事们——主要是摩根的人——能在１９０２年１月１日以后撤出他们的优先股，那么当前的普通股将起到决定性作用，而哈里曼所控制的普通股恰恰还不到一半。正是基于这一点考虑，培根立即给摩根发去一封电报，随后，摩根于星期六傍晚在法国艾克斯回电指示：“立即购买１５万股北太平洋公司的普通股！” 同样就在那个星期六的早晨，纽约的哈里曼躺在床上辗转反侧，考虑到自己拥有的北太平洋公司普通股尚未达到总股票的５１％，心中不时掠过阵阵凉意和不安。他给希夫写了一封信，要求再买４万股普通股。尽管希夫收到了哈里曼的命令，但他最终决定不予理睬——或许他在想，他已经获得了北太平洋多数的股票——或许他还考虑到自己已经向希尔伸出了友谊之手——他尽管很迟但最终还是意识到那些企图用计谋击败摩根的人的真正意图，于是决定不再对摩根发起这致命一击。如果他在５月４日这天，听从了哈里曼的指令，再买４万股普通股，他们这伙人就将成功地控制摩根的这条铁路。 ５月６日，星期一，大批摩根—希尔集团的经纪人涌入伦敦和纽约的各个股票交易所，购买所有能买到的北太平洋的股票。当天，纽约交易所北太平洋股票以每股１２７．５美元报收，第二天则达到１４９．７５美元。当希尔要求他伦敦的合伙人不要出售北太平洋股票时，他们回答说：“这里的朋友坚定地站在你们那一边，我们很吃惊希夫会参与到这场从你们手中攫取北太平洋铁路的活动中来。”并要求彼此之间随时保持联系。对于北太平洋股票在各个股市所出现的异常剧烈的波动，就连该铁路的经营者也感到极度困惑，不知其所以然。星期二，北太平洋铁路公司总裁查尔斯·梅林从圣保罗给他在纽约的副手发电询问：“你能否告诉我那里究竟正在发生什么？我们的股票为什么动荡得如此剧烈？” 在北太平洋股票刚刚出现攀升的几天内，那些短期投机者们断定不会再上涨了，于是约定在１４０美元的价位上停止购买，等价格回落时再买进。然而，星期二，当摩根的经纪人在每股１４６美元的价格上停止进行收购时，股票价格不但未见下跌，反而更加狂涨不已，整个股市都随之疯狂了！ 在１９０１年的５月７日到８日，其他股票开始暴跌，因为那些北太平洋股票的短期投机商们抛售了所有股票以获取资金回补，然而，到了第二天，５月９日——股票史上的“蓝色星期四”，北太平洋股票价格居然跳到近似荒谬的程度——每股１０００美元！纽约的股票投机商们终于冷静下来了，他们清醒地意识到：整个股市已经被某种看不见的力量牢牢地逼进了死胡同，他们已经放空了１０万多股北太平洋股票，却再也买不回来了。 摩根—希尔集团在两日内购买了１５万股股票，如果按平均每股１２９美元进行购买的话，他们所花费的资金总额几乎高达２０００万美元。他们还在华尔街引起了空前的震动和惊慌，Ｊ．Ｐ．摩根集团和库恩—洛布公司在“蓝色星期四”这一天均意识到：如果华尔街的这种恐慌不能被迅速遏止，那么将有不计其数的股票经纪人和持有人会因此遭到空前劫难，而整个纽约股市也将毁于一旦！出于这种担忧，两大财团的银行家们决定，推迟交割他们所购买的股票，并以每股１５０美元的价格抛售足够的数目以供短期投机商回补，随后，希尔和哈里曼联合向公众承诺——双方将进行和平谈判；摩根也重新指定了新的北太平洋公司董事会。纽约股市一场空前的金融恐慌最终消退了。（记者李冰／整理）
|
||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|
|
